Improving land surface soil moisture and energy flux simulations over the Tibetan plateau by the assimilation of the microwave remote sensing data and the GCM output into a land surface model

The land surface soil moisture is a crucial variable in weather and climate models. This study presents a land data assimilation system (LDAS) that aims to improve the simulation of the land surface soil moisture and energy fluxes bymerging themicrowave remote sensing data and the general circulationmodel (GCM)output into a land surfacemodel (LSM). This systemwas applied over the TibetanPlateau, using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data as forcing data and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometers for EOS (AMSR-E) brightness temperatures as an observation. The performance of our four data sources, whichwere NCEP, AMSR-E, LDAS and simulations of Simple Biosphere Model 2 (SiB2), was assessed against 5 months of in situ measurements that were performed at two stations: Gaize and Naqu. For the surface soil moisture, the LDAS simulations were superior to both NCEP and SiB2, and there was more than a one-third reduction in the root mean squared errors (RMSE) for both of the stations. Compared with the AMSR-E soil moisture retrievals, the LDAS simulations were comparable at the Gaize station, and theywere superior at the Naqu station. For the whole domain intercomparison, the results showed that the LDAS simulation of the soil moisture field was more realistic than the NCEP and SiB2 simulations and that the LDAS could estimate land surface states properly even in the regions where AMSR-E failed to cover and/or during the periods that the satellite did not overpass. For the surface energy fluxes, the LDAS estimated the latent heat flux with an acceptable accuracy 2 (RMSE less than 35W/m ), with a one-third reduction in the RMSE from the SiB2. For the 5-monthwhole plateau simulation, the LDAS produced a much more reasonable Bowen Ratio than the NCEP, and it also generated a clear contrast of the land surface status over the plateau, which was wet in the southeast and dry in the northwest, during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Because the LDAS only uses globally available data sets, this study reveals the potential of the LDAS to improving the land surface energy and water flux simulations in ungauged and/or poorly gauged regions.